Describe, Don’t Script: A New Mindset for Testing AI

Typical software testing entails specifying exact inputs and expected outputs. However, that approach falls short with non-deterministic AI(opens in new tab) which can deliver different outputs in different runs even with the same input. General randomness, probabilistic decisions, or multiple execution paths can all contribute to the unpredictable behavior of non-deterministic models.   As a Systems Engineer and QA Automation Lead for…

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Shielding Water and Wastewater Treatment Facilities from Cyberattacks

In July 2026, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a public service announcement (PSA) warning critical infrastructure asset owners and operators of malicious cyber actors conducting coordinated attacks against operational technology (OT) devices.   The details are worth reading closely because they describe an attack that required neither a zero-day…

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Rethink Zero Trust: Prepare for DoW Strategy 2.0

The Department of War (DoW) is preparing Zero Trust Strategy 2.0. This update to the 2022 framework(opens in new tab) extends coverage beyond information technology (IT) to operational technology (OT), weapons platforms, and defense-critical infrastructure.  Their strategy reflects a shift in which identity is a continuous signal, trust is never assumed, and every access decision…

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